Python

Python is similar to a programming language like Ruby, providing a simple syntax that allows developers to quickly put together applications and websites without having to write very much code to do so.

The language supports well-known functional, OOP, and MVC coding paradigms, but its claim to fame came after Google implemented it in many of its core products.

Python is currently one of the most respected and used programming languages around, being easy to work with thanks to the plethora of open source modules and the general availability of coding tutorials, guides, and free online courses.

The Python compiler is also embeddable and able to run everywhere, a feature that also contributed to its wide adoption rate.

In the Scripts section of Softoware, you can find the source code of the language itself.

What is new in this release:

• Reverts partial-static build options and adds vcruntime140.dll to Windows installation.
• Fixes MemoryError in test_strptime.

What is new in version 3.5.0 / 2.7.10:

• Reverts partial-static build options and adds vcruntime140.dll to Windows installation.
• Fixes MemoryError in test_strptime.

What is new in version 3.4.3 / 2.7.9 / 3.5.0.a4:

• Module-level turtle functions no longer raise TclError after closing the window.
• Warnings now are raised when group references and conditional group references are used in lookbehind assertions in regular expressions.
• Multibyte codecs with custom error handlers that ignores errors consumed too much memory and raised SystemError or MemoryError.
• io.FileIO() called flush() after closing the file. flush() was not called in close() if closefd=False.
• Fixed pydoc failure with non-ASCII files when stdout encoding differs from file system encoding (e.g. on Mac OS).
• Remove RC4 from the SSL module's default cipher list.
• Fixed pydoc.synopsis() and pydoc.apropos() on modules with empty docstrings.
• Fixed arbitrary code execution vulnerability in the dbm.dumb module.
• Fixed mishandling of absolute Windows paths with forward slashes in pathlib.
• Fixed compression in tarfile CLI. Patch by wdv4758h.
• Fixed possible overflow in Windows subprocess creation code.

What is new in version 3.4.3 / 2.7.9 / 3.5.0.a1:

• Module-level turtle functions no longer raise TclError after closing the window.
• Warnings now are raised when group references and conditional group references are used in lookbehind assertions in regular expressions.
• Multibyte codecs with custom error handlers that ignores errors consumed too much memory and raised SystemError or MemoryError.
• io.FileIO() called flush() after closing the file. flush() was not called in close() if closefd=False.
• Fixed pydoc failure with non-ASCII files when stdout encoding differs from file system encoding (e.g. on Mac OS).
• Remove RC4 from the SSL module's default cipher list.
• Fixed pydoc.synopsis() and pydoc.apropos() on modules with empty docstrings.
• Fixed arbitrary code execution vulnerability in the dbm.dumb module.
• Fixed mishandling of absolute Windows paths with forward slashes in pathlib.
• Fixed compression in tarfile CLI. Patch by wdv4758h.
• Fixed possible overflow in Windows subprocess creation code.

What is new in version 3.4.2:

• Fixed macpath.join() for empty first component. Patch by Oleg Oshmyan.
• TemporaryDirectory no longer attempts to clean up twice when used in the with statement in generator.
• Now directories added to ZIP file have correct Unix and MS-DOS directory attributes.
• ZipFile.close() no longer writes ZIP64 central directory records if allowZip64 is false.
• Fixed debugging output of the GROUPREF_EXISTS opcode in the re module. Removed trailing spaces in debugging output.
• Unhandled exception in thread no longer causes unhandled AttributeError when sys.stderr is None.

What is new in version 3.4.1:

• Fixed a crash in the builtin function super() when called without argument and without current frame (ex: embedded Python).
• Fixed flushing of standard streams in the interactive interpreter.
• In rare cases, when running finalizers on objects in cyclic trash a bad pointer dereference could occur due to a subtle flaw in internal iteration logic.

What is new in version 3.3.4:

• The new "faulthandler" module that helps diagnosing crashes
• The new "unittest.mock" module
• The new "ipaddress" module
• The "sys.implementation" attribute
• A policy framework for the email package, with a provisional policy that adds much improved unicode support for email header parsing
• A "collections.ChainMap" class for linking mappings to a single unit
• Wrappers for many more POSIX functions in the "os" and "signal" modules, as well as other useful functions such as "sendfile()"
• Hash randomization, introduced in earlier bugfix releases, is now switched on by default

What is new in version 3.3.3:

• The new "faulthandler" module that helps diagnosing crashes
• The new "unittest.mock" module
• The new "ipaddress" module
• The "sys.implementation" attribute
• A policy framework for the email package, with a provisional (see PEP 411) policy that adds much improved unicode support for email header parsing
• A "collections.ChainMap" class for linking mappings to a single unit
• Wrappers for many more POSIX functions in the "os" and "signal" modules, as well as other useful functions such as "sendfile()"
• Hash randomization, introduced in earlier bugfix releases, is now switched on by default
• A C implementation of the "decimal" module, with up to 120x speedup for decimal-heavy applications
• The import system (__import__) is based on importlib by default
• The new "lzma" module with LZMA/XZ support

What is new in version 3.3.2:

• The new "faulthandler" module that helps diagnosing crashes
• The new "unittest.mock" module
• The new "ipaddress" module
• The "sys.implementation" attribute
• A policy framework for the email package, with a provisional policy that adds much improved unicode support for email header parsing
• A "collections.ChainMap" class for linking mappings to a single unit
• Wrappers for many more POSIX functions in the "os" and "signal" modules, as well as other useful functions such as "sendfile()"
• Hash randomization, introduced in earlier bugfix releases, is now switched on by default

What is new in version 3.3.1:

• The new "faulthandler" module that helps diagnosing crashes
• The new "unittest.mock" module
• The new "ipaddress" module
• The "sys.implementation" attribute
• A policy framework for the email package, with a provisional (see PEP 411) policy that adds much improved unicode support for email header parsing
• A "collections.ChainMap" class for linking mappings to a single unit
• Wrappers for many more POSIX functions in the "os" and "signal" modules, as well as other useful functions such as "sendfile()"
• Hash randomization, introduced in earlier bugfix releases, is now switched on by default

What is new in version 3.3.0 Beta 1:

• The new "faulthandler" module that helps diagnosing crashes
• The new "unittest.mock" module
• The new "ipaddress" module
• A "collections.ChainMap" class for linking mappings to a single unit
• Wrappers for many more POSIX functions in the "os" and "signal" modules, as well as other useful functions such as "sendfile()"
• Hash randomization, introduced in earlier bugfix releases, is now switched on by default

What is new in version 3.2.3 / 3.1.3 / 2.7.3 / 2.6.8:

• These include several security fixes.

What is new in version 3.3.0 alpha 1:

• Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator (yield from)
• Flexible String Representation (doing away with the distinction between "wide" and "narrow" Unicode builds)
• Suppressing Exception Context
• Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy
• The new "packaging" module, building upon the "distribute" and "distutils2" projects and deprecating "distutils"
• The new "lzma" module with LZMA/XZ support
• Qualified name for classes and functions
• Explicit Unicode literals to help with porting
• The new "faulthandler" module that helps diagnosing crashes
• Wrappers for many more POSIX functions in the "os" and "signal" modules, as well as other useful functions such as "sendfile()"

What is new in version 3.2.2 rc1:

• Numerous improvements to the unittest module
• Support for .pyc repository directories
• Support for version tagged dynamic libraries
• A new futures library for concurrent programming
• A stable ABI for extension modules
• Dictionary-based logging configuration
• An overhauled GIL implementation that reduces contention
• An extended email package that handles bytes messages
• A much improved SSL module with support for SSL contexts and certificate hostname matching
• A sysconfig module to access configuration information
• Additions to the shutil module, among them archive file support
• Many enhancements to configparser, among them mapping protocol support
• Improvements to pdb, the Python debugger
• Countless fixes regarding bytes/string issues; among them full support for a bytes environment (filenames, environment variables)
• Many consistency and behavior fixes for numeric operations

What is new in version 3.2.1:

• Numerous improvements to the unittest module
• Support for .pyc repository directories
• Support for version tagged dynamic libraries
• A new futures library for concurrent programming
• A stable ABI for extension modules
• Dictionary-based logging configuration
• An overhauled GIL implementation that reduces contention
• An extended email package that handles bytes messages
• A much improved ssl module with support for SSL contexts and certificate Hostname matching
• A sysconfig module to access configuration information
• Additions to the shutil module, among them archive file support
• Many enhancements to configparser, among them mapping protocol support
• Improvements to pdb, the Python debugger
• Countless fixes regarding bytes/string issues; among them full support for a bytes environment (filenames, environment variables)

What is new in version 3.2.1rc2:

• Numerous improvements to the unittest module
• PEP 3147, support for .pyc repository directories
• PEP 3149, support for version tagged dynamic libraries
• PEP 3148, a new futures library for concurrent programming
• PEP 384, a stable ABI for extension modules
• PEP 391, dictionary-based logging configuration
• An overhauled GIL implementation that reduces contention
• An extended email package that handles bytes messages
• A much improved ssl module with support for SSL contexts and certificate hostname matching
• A sysconfig module to access configuration information
• Additions to the shutil module, among them archive file support
• Many enhancements to configparser, among them mapping protocol support
• Improvements to pdb, the Python debugger
• Countless fixes regarding bytes/string issues; among them full support for a bytes environment (filenames, environment variables)
• Many consistency and behavior fixes for numeric operations

What is new in version 2.7.2:

• An ordered dictionary type.
• New unittest features including test skipping, new assert methods, and test discovery.
• A much faster IO module.
• Automatic numbering of fields in the str.format() method.
• Float repr improvements backported from 3.x.
• Tile support for Tkinter.
• A backport of the memoryview object from 3.x.
• Set literals.
• Set and dictionary comprehensions.
• Dictionary views.
• New syntax for nested with statements.
• The sysconfig module.

What is new in version 2.7.2.rc1:

• An ordered dictionary type.
• New unittest features including test skipping, new assert methods, and test discovery.
• A much faster io module.
• Automatic numbering of fields in the str.format() method.
• Float repr improvements backported from 3.x.
• Tile support for Tkinter.
• A backport of the memoryview object from 3.x.
• Set literals.
• Set and dictionary comprehensions.
• Dictionary views.
• New syntax for nested with statements.
• The sysconfig module.

What is new in version 3.2.1rc1:

• An overhauled GIL implementation that reduces contention.
• An extended email package that handles bytes messages.
• A much improved ssl module with support for SSL contexts and certificate hostname matching.
• A sysconfig module to access configuration information.
• Additions to the shutil module, among them archive file support.
• Many enhancements to configparser, among them mapping protocol support.
• Improvements to pdb, the Python debugger.
• Countless fixes regarding bytes/string issues; among them full support for a bytes environment (filenames, environment variables).
• Many consistency and behavior fixes for numeric operations.

What is new in version 3.2:

• Numerous improvements to the unittest module.
• PEP 3147, support for .pyc repository directories.
• PEP 3149, support for version tagged dynamic libraries.
• PEP 3148, a new futures library for concurrent programming.
• PEP 384, a stable ABI for extension modules.
• PEP 391, dictionary-based logging configuration.
• An overhauled GIL implementation that reduces contention.
• An extended email package that handles bytes messages.
• A much improved ssl module with support for SSL contexts and certificate hostname matching.
• A sysconfig module to access configuration information.
• Additions to the shutil module, among them archive file support.
• Many enhancements to configparser, among them mapping protocol support.
• Improvements to pdb, the Python debugger.
• Countless fixes regarding bytes/string issues; among them full support for a bytes environment (filenames, environment variables).
• Many consistency and behavior fixes for numeric operations.

What is new in version 3.2 rc3:

• Numerous improvements to the unittest module.
• PEP 3147, support for .pyc repository directories.
• PEP 3149, support for version tagged dynamic libraries.
• PEP 3148, a new futures library for concurrent programming.
• PEP 384, a stable ABI for extension modules.
• PEP 391, dictionary-based logging configuration.
• An overhauled GIL implementation that reduces contention.
• An extended email package that handles bytes messages.
• A much improved ssl module with support for SSL contexts and certificate hostname matching.
• A sysconfig module to access configuration information.
• Additions to the shutil module, among them archive file support.
• Many enhancements to configparser, among them mapping protocol support.
• Improvements to pdb, the Python debugger.
• Countless fixes regarding bytes/string issues; among them full support for a bytes environment (filenames, environment variables).
• Many consistency and behavior fixes for numeric operations.

What is new in version 3.2 rc1:

• Numerous improvements to the unittest module
• PEP 3147, support for .pyc repository directories
• PEP 3149, support for version tagged dynamic libraries
• PEP 3148, a new futures library for concurrent programming
• PEP 384, a stable ABI for extension modules
• PEP 391, dictionary-based logging configuration
• An overhauled GIL implementation that reduces contention
• An extended email package that handles bytes messages
• A much improved ssl module with support for SSL contexts and certificate hostname matching
• A sysconfig module to access configuration information
• Additions to the shutil module, among them archive file support
• Many enhancements to configparser, among them mapping protocol support
• Improvements to pdb, the Python debugger
• Countless fixes regarding bytes/string issues; among them full support for a bytes environment (filenames, environment variables)
• Many consistency and behavior fixes for numeric operations

What is new in version 3.2 beta 1:

• Numerous improvements to the unittest module.
• PEP 3147, support for .pyc repository directories.
• PEP 3149, support for version tagged dynamic libraries.
• PEP 3148, a new futures library for concurrent programming.
• PEP 384, a stable ABI for extension modules.
• PEP 391, dictionary-based logging configuration.
• An overhauled GIL implementation that reduces contention.
• An extended email package that handles bytes messages.
• Countless fixes regarding bytes/string issues; among them full support for a bytes environment (filenames, environment variables).
• Many consistency and behavior fixes for numeric operations.
• A sysconfig module to access configuration information.
• A pure-Python implementation of the datetime module.
• Additions to the shutil module, among them archive file support.
• Improvements to pdb, the Python debugger.

What is new in version 2.7.1:

• An ordered dictionary type.
• New unittest features including test skipping, new assert methods, and test discovery.
• A much faster io module.
• Automatic numbering of fields in the str.format() method.
• Float repr improvements backported from 3.x.
• Tile support for Tkinter.
• A backport of the memoryview object from 3.x.
• Set literals.
• Set and dictionary comprehensions.
• Dictionary views.
• New syntax for nested with statements.
• The sysconfig module.

What is new in version 3.1.3:

• An ordered dictionary type.
• Various optimizations to the int type.
• New unittest features including test skipping and new assert methods..
• A much faster io module.
• Tile support for Tkinter.
• A pure Python reference implementation of the import statement.
• New syntax for nested with statements.

What is new in version 2.7.1 RC1:

• An ordered dictionary type.
• New unittest features including test skipping, new assert methods, and test discovery.
• A much faster io module.
• Automatic numbering of fields in the str.format() method.
• Float repr improvements backported from 3.x.
• Tile support for Tkinter.
• A backport of the memoryview object from 3.x.
• Set literals.
• Set and dictionary comprehensions.
• Dictionary views.
• New syntax for nested with statements.
• The sysconfig module.

What is new in version 3.1.3 RC1:

• An ordered dictionary type.
• Various optimizations to the int type.
• New unittest features including test skipping and new assert methods.
• A much faster io module.
• Tile support for Tkinter.
• A pure Python reference implementation of the import statement.
• New syntax for nested with statements.

What is new in version 3.1.2:

• round(x, n) now returns an integer if x is an integer.
• The syntax of the with statement now allows multiple context managers in a single statement.
• The string.maketrans() function is deprecated and is replaced by new static methods, bytes.maketrans() and bytearray.maketrans().
• Python now uses David Gay's algorithm for finding the shortest floating point representation that doesn't change its value.
• Added a collections.Counter class to support convenient counting of unique items in a sequence or iterable.
• The decimal module now supports methods for creating a decimal object from a binary float.

What is new in version 2.6.5:

• The threading module's locks and condition variables also support the ‘with‘ statement.
• The expression is evaluated, and it should result in an object that supports the context management protocol (that is, has __enter__() and __exit__() methods).

What is new in version 3.1.1:

• dir() on an uninitialized module caused a crash.
• Fixed crash for bytearray.translate() with invalid parameters.
• set.union() stopped processing inputs if an instance of self occurred in the argument chain.
• On posix platforms import no longer copies the execute bit from the .py file to the .pyc file if it is set.
• Since Python 3.0, the __bool__ method must return a bool object, and not an int. Fix the corresponding error message, and the documentation.
• Include inttypes.h as well as stdint.h in pyport.h. This fixes a build failure on HP-UX: int32_t and uint32_t are defined in inttypes.h instead of stdint.h on that platform.
• Fixed a SystemError when encoding with the latin-1 codec and the 'surrogateescape' error handler, a string which contains unpaired surrogates.

What is new in version 2.6.3:

• Fix os.popen* regression from 2.5 with commands as a sequence running through the shell. Patch by Jean-Paul Calderone and Jani Hakala. - Issue #6990: Fix threading.local subclasses leaving old state around after a reference cycle GC which could be recycled by new locals.
• Fix an infinite loop when trying to decode an invalid UTF-32 stream with a non-raising error handler like "replace" or "ignore".
• Fix potential deadlock when mixing threads and fork().
• Do not emit DeprecationWarnings when accessing a "message" attribute on exceptions that was set explicitly.
• Fix bug where bytearray.pop() returns negative integers.
• dir() on an uninitialized module caused a crash.
• Fixed crash for bytearray.translate() with invalid parameters.
• set.union() stopped processing inputs if an instance of self occurred in the argument chain.